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Mitochondria, as both energy generators and innate immune signaling hubs, are uniquely positioned to determine the trajectory of postoperative immune responses
They cannot bind to receptors properly, cannot be absorbed efficiently, and in some cases can provoke unwanted immune responses
In this review, we explore the current understanding of lipedema through clinical, tissue, and cellular lenses, and examine suspected pathological mechanisms, including hormonal influences (such as estrogen), adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, increased extracellular matrix (ECM) fibrosis, and specialized immune cell involvement, including M2 macrophage infiltration
This service is billed using CPT code 17110/17111
