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Statistical Analysis Data are presented as the mean standard deviation (SD)

Oxidative stress-induced ROS accumulation disrupts the NRF2-KEAP1 complex, leading to nuclear translocation of NRF2 and transcriptional induction of antioxidant response genes, including those involved in the GSH synthesis, ROS elimination and NADPH production (Shaw and Chattopadhyay, 2020)

Excess ROS not only damages tissues but also serves as a second messenger for immune activation for instance, ROS can activate NF-B and stabilize HIF-1 in immune cells, skewing macrophages to a pro-inflammatory phenotype ( + efflux and NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, causing maturation of IL-1 and IL-18 ( 2.1.2 Activation of innate immune pathways The mDAMPs discussed converge on specific innate immune pathways

Hackam DG, Hegele RA (2022) Lipid-modifying therapies and stroke prevention