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In a rat model of diabetes-induced testicular dysfunction, liraglutide reduced testicular TGF- and Smad2 mRNA expression levels [26], whilst in HUVECs, liraglutide attenuated high glucose and IL-1-induced TGF- signalling (via inhibition of Smad2 phosphorylation), leading to reduced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) marker expression [27]

Mechanistically, they found that liraglutide inhibited the renal TNF- expression and NF-B as well as the MAPK pathway activation in these mice (Ye et al., 2019)

Patients should seek medical review if they notice a neck mass, hoarseness, or difficulty swallowing

doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7136-7_16 65 SnchezM.GonzlezA.SabioL.ZouW.RamanathanR.BansalV.et al