Wang B, Wang Y, Zhang J, Hu C, Jiang J, Li Y, et al
In epidemiological studies, the independent contribution of periodontitis to cardiovascular outcomes is typically examined using multivariable regression models that adjust for shared risk factors such as age, sex, smoking, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and socioeconomic status
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You may need B12 injections if you: Have been diagnosed with pernicious anemia Have gastrointestinal issues (e.g., Crohns disease, celiac disease, or after bariatric surgery) Follow a strict vegan or vegetarian diet without adequate supplementation Are over the age of 50, as absorption decreases with age Take certain medications that interfere with B12 absorption Have chronic fatigue, memory issues, or nerve problems due to B12 deficiency