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Nat Rev Gastroenerol Hepatol 2013;10(5):286296
The initial evidence consisted of case reports and small case series, but subsequent large retrospective cohort studies confirmed the association
Pawlak, R., Lester, S
In addition to counteracting BBB hyperpermeability by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS, VD has been shown to exert direct effects on ECs by up-regulating the expression of TJ proteins such as zonula occluden (ZO)-1 and claudin-5 while simultaneously down-regulating the levels of cell adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, which collectively promotes the stabilization of the BBB [76]
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