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[41] : 976 Gastric bypass surgery [edit] Various methods of gastric bypass or gastric restriction surgery are used to treat morbid obesity

However, the techniques used to do so are newer, leading to shorter treatment times and faster recovery

Common reasons include: Pernicious anemia , an autoimmune condition affecting intrinsic factor production Gastrointestinal disorders, such as Crohns disease or celiac disease Prolonged use of certain medications, like proton pump inhibitors Knowing these causes helps spot at-risk people

In addition, nicotinamide, the primary NNMT substrate 95,96 , is broken down by Lactobacillus arabinosis into nicotinic acid and ammonia 56