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However, our bodies cannot produce B12, so we must obtain it from our diet or supplements

B12 deficiency can be caused by certain types of anemia, gastrointestinal conditions that affect absorption, or dietary restrictions such as strict vegetarian or vegan diets

Oxidative stress can promote 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE)-mediated modification of HSPA2, targeting it for degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which may lead to the loss of proteins required for meiosis and contribute to spermatogenic arrest ( Furthermore, multiple studies have demonstrated that heat stress-induced spermatogenic dysfunction 209 is closely associated with germ cell apoptosis, which displays both cell-type- and stage-specific 210 characteristics (Figure 1c) (Lue et al., 1999