Preclinical evidence shows that 1,25(OH)2D induces a shift from inflammatory (M1) to reparative (M2) macrophages, promoting the secretion of hydrogen peroxide, a critical factor for M.tb clearance [17, 18]
This age-related decline is particularly intriguing, as GHK-Cu is known to play a vital role in numerous biological processes, especially those related to skin health and tissue regeneration
In other words, the preclinical signal appears against a backdrop of controlled energy intake and activity, not as a standalone effect that overrides diet
The skin-specific mechanisms of GHK-Cu include stimulation of Type I and Type III procollagen synthesis, increased production of dermatan sulfate and other glycosaminoglycans, activation of the enzyme lysyl oxidase (which cross-links newly formed collagen), reduction of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1, collagenase) activity, and anti-inflammatory suppression of TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 secretion